一、前缀(12)-义
1、外/出:e/ex/ef
export(出口):ex-(出) + port(携带) → 携带出去。
exit (出口):ex-(出) + it(走) → 走出。
expel(驱逐):ex-(出) + pel(推动) → 推出、驱逐。
exhale(呼气):ex-(出) + hale(呼吸) → 呼出气体。
emit(发射):e-(出) + mit(发送) → 发送出去。
eject (弹出):e-(出) + ject(投掷) → 向外投掷。
emigrate 移民:e-(出) + migrate(迁移) → 迁移到国外。
effort (努力):ef-(出) + fort(力量) → 使出力量(原义为“向外发力”)。
efflux(流出):ef-(出) + flux(流动) → 向外流动。
effluent (流出的):ef-(出) + flu(流动) + -ent → 向外流动的(液体)。
2、内/进:in/im
- include (包含)
= in-(内) + cludere(关闭)→ 关进内部 - invade (入侵)
= in-(进) + vadere(走)→ 走进某地 - inhale (吸气)
= in-(进) + halare(呼吸)→ 吸入空气 - inject (注射)
= in-(进) + jacere(投掷)→ 投入体内 inspire (吸入;激励)
= in-(进) + spirare(呼吸)→ 将气息引入import (进口)
= im-(进) + portare(携带)→ 带入内部- immigrate (移民入境)
= im-(进) + migrare(迁移)→ 迁移进入 - immerse (浸入)
= im-(进) + mergere(沉)→ 沉入液体 - imprison (监禁)
= im-(进) + prison(监狱)→ 关进监狱 - imbibe (吸收)
= im-(进) + bibere(喝)→ 喝进体内
3、前
动态-向前:pro
progress(进步)
= pro-(向前) + gress(走)→ 向前走promote(促进;晋升)
= pro-(向前) + mot(移动)→ 推动向前
静态-在前/预先/提前:pre
- prefix(前缀)
= pre-(前) + fix(固定)→ 固定在单词前的字母 - preface(前言)
= pre-(前) + face(面)→ 书籍正文前的部分 - preview(预览)
= pre-(前) + view(看)→ 提前观看
4、回/重新/再次:re
- rewrite(重写)
= re-(再) + write(写) - reread(重读)
= re-(再) + read(读) - rebuild(重建)
= re-(再) + build(建造) - replay(重播)
= re-(再) + play(播放) - renew(更新)
= re-(再) + new(新)
5、聚集(一起/共同):co/con/com/col
- cooperate(合作)
= co-(共同) + operate(操作)→ 共同运作 - combine(结合)
= com-(共同) + bine(捆绑)→ 绑在一起 - connect(连接)
= con-(共同) + nect(绑)→ 相互绑定 - collaborate(协作)
= col-(共同) + labor(劳动)→ 共同劳动
6、分散(分开):di/dis/dif
- divide(分开)
= di-(分开) + vide(分开) - distribute(分配)
= dis-(分开) + tribute(给予) - dissolve(溶解)
= dis-(分开) + solve(松开) - diffuse(扩散)
= dif-(分开) + fuse(流动) - dismiss(解散)
= dis-(分开) + miss(发送)
7、上/超过:super/over/sur
- supermarket(超市)
= super(超过) + market(市场) - superhuman(超人的)
= super(超过) + human(人类) - supersonic(超音速的)
= super(超过) + sonic(声音的) - supervise(监督)
= super(在…上) + vise(看) superimpose(叠加)
= super(在…上) + impose(放置)overeat(暴食)
= over(过度) + eat(吃)- overwork(过度工作)
= over(过度) + work(工作) - overcoat(大衣)
= over(覆盖) + coat(外套) - overlap(重叠)
= over(覆盖) + lap(重叠) - overcome(克服)
= over(超过) + come(来) overtake(超越)
= over(超过) + take(拿)surface(表面)
= sur(在…上) + face(面)surname(姓氏)
= sur(在…上) + name(名字)surface(表面)
= sur(在…上) + face(面)- surname(姓氏)
= sur(在…上) + name(名字)
前缀 | 核心含义 | 示例词汇 | 特殊说明 |
---|---|---|---|
super- | 超级/在…之上 | superhuman | 多用于科技和现代词汇 |
over- | 过度/覆盖 | overestimate | 常含负面意义 |
sur- | 在…上/超过 | surveillance | 多来自法语词源 |
8、下/不足:under/de/sub/sup
- underground(地下的)
= under(在…下) + ground(地面) - underline(下划线)
= under(在…下) + line(线) - underestimate(低估)
= under(不足) + estimate(估计) - underdeveloped(欠发达的)
= under(不足) + developed(发达的) defrost(解冻)
= de(去除) + frost(霜)
- deforest(砍伐森林)
= de(去除) + forest(森林) descend(下降)
= de(向下) + scend(爬)subway(地铁)
= sub(在…下) + way(路)- submarine(潜水艇)
= sub(在…下) + marine(海洋的) - substandard(不合格的)
= sub(不足) + standard(标准) - subtitle(副标题)
= sub(副) + title(标题) subordinate(下属)
= sub(下) + ordinate(排列)support(支持)
= sup(在…下) + port(携带)→ 在下方支撑- suppress(压制)
= sup(在…下) + press(压)→ 往下压
9、转移/转变:trans
trans + port (carry) = transport
- 含义:to carry across (运输)
- 例:The goods will be transported by truck.
trans + mit (send) = transmit
- 含义:to send across (传输)
- 例:The radio station transmits signals.
trans + form (shape) = transform
- 含义:to change shape (转变)
- 例:The caterpillar transformed into a butterfly.
trans + fer (bear) = transfer
- 含义:to bear across (转移)
- 例:She transferred to another department.
trans + late (carry) = translate
- 含义:to carry across languages (翻译)
- 例:He translated the document from French.
10、相互之间:inter
inter + act (do) = interact
- 含义:to act between (互动)
- 例:Children learn to interact with others.
inter + national (nation) = international
- 含义:between nations (国际的)
- 例:She works for an international company.
inter + sect (cut) = intersect
- 含义:to cut between (交叉)
- 例:The two roads intersect downtown.
inter + vene (come) = intervene
- 含义:to come between (干预)
- 例:The teacher had to intervene in the fight.
inter + change (exchange) = interchange
- 含义:exchange between (交换)
- 例:There was an interchange of ideas.
11、a+双写辅音字母
通常表示强调,没有什么意义
a + ccustom (custom) = accustom
- 含义:to make familiar with (使习惯)
- 例:She accustomed herself to the new environment.
a + cknowledge (knowledge) = acknowledge
- 含义:to recognize knowledge (承认)
- 例:He acknowledged his mistake.
a + ppear (pear) = appear
- 含义:to come into view (出现)
- 例:The sun appeared from behind the clouds.
a + rrive (rive) = arrive
- 含义:to reach a place (到达)
- 例:We arrived at the airport on time.
a + ssure (sure) = assure
- 含义:to make sure (保证)
- 例:I assure you everything will be fine.
a + ttach (tach) = attach
- 含义:to fasten to (附加)
- 例:Please attach the file to the email.
12、否定前缀:un/in/im/dis/ab/il
un- 前缀
un + happy = unhappy (不快乐)
un + do = undo (取消)
un + lock = unlock (解锁)
un + certain = uncertain (不确定)
un + comfortable = uncomfortable (不舒服)in-/im- 前缀
in + correct = incorrect (不正确)
in + direct = indirect (间接的)
im + possible = impossible (不可能的)
im + patient = impatient (不耐烦的)
im + balance = imbalance (不平衡)dis- 前缀
dis + agree = disagree (不同意)
dis + appear = disappear (消失)
dis + honest = dishonest (不诚实的)
dis + connect = disconnect (断开连接)
dis + advantage = disadvantage (不利条件)ab- 前缀
ab + normal = abnormal (异常的)
ab + use = abuse (滥用)
ab + sent = absent (缺席的)
ab + duct = abduct (绑架)
ab + stain = abstain (戒除)il- 前缀
il + legal = illegal (非法的)
il + literate = illiterate (文盲的)
il + logical = illogical (不合逻辑的)
il + legitimate = illegitimate (非法的)
il + luminous = illuminous (不发光的)
后缀(3)-词性
1、动词后缀:act/ize/if/ish
react (re- + act) = 反应
transact (trans- + act) = 交易
organize (organ + ize) = 组织
realize (real + ize) = 意识到
clarify (clear + ify) = 澄清
modify (mode + ify) = 修改
publish (public + ish) = 出版
finish (fine + ish) = 完成
2、形容词后缀:ent/ful/ous/al/ive/ible/able/ant
depend (依赖) + ent = dependent (依赖的)
differ (不同) + ent = different (不同的)
excel (超越) + ent = excellent (优秀的)
persist (坚持) + ent = persistent (坚持的)
beauty (美丽) + ful = beautiful (美丽的)
care (小心) + ful = careful (小心的)
peace (和平) + ful = peaceful (和平的)
power (力量) + ful = powerful (强大的)
danger (危险) + ous = dangerous (危险的)
fame (名声) + ous = famous (著名的)
courage (勇气) + ous = courageous (勇敢的)
poison (毒药) + ous = poisonous (有毒的)
nature (自然) + al = natural (自然的)
music (音乐) + al = musical (音乐的)
nation (国家) + al = national (国家的)
education (教育) + al = educational (教育的)
act (行动) + ive = active (活跃的)
create (创造) + ive = creative (有创造力的)
attract (吸引) + ive = attractive (有吸引力的)
impress (印象) + ive = impressive (令人印象深刻的)
respons (回应) + ible = responsible (负责任的)
vis (看) + ible = visible (可见的)
flex (弯曲) + ible = flexible (灵活的)
terr (害怕) + ible = terrible (可怕的)
comfort (舒适) + able = comfortable (舒适的)
reason (理性) + able = reasonable (合理的)
adapt (适应) + able = adaptable (能适应的)
value (价值) + able = valuable (有价值的)
import (重要) + ant = important (重要的)
resist (抵抗) + ant = resistant (抵抗的)
sign (标记) + ant = significant (重要的)
vac (空) + ant = vacant (空的)
后缀比较表
后缀 | 含义重点 | 主要加在 | 例子 |
---|---|---|---|
-ent | 性质状态 | 动词 | dependent |
-ful | 充满 | 名词 | beautiful |
-ous | 特性 | 名词 | dangerous |
-al | 关系 | 名词 | natural |
-ive | 倾向 | 动词 | active |
-ible | 能力 | 动词 | responsible |
-able | 可能性 | 动词 | comfortable |
-ant | 状态 | 动词 | important |
3、名词后缀:ion/tion/action/ness/ity/ality/ment/ence/ance/ism
act (行动) + ion = action (行动)
inform (通知) + ation = information (信息)
decide (决定) + sion = decision (决定)
complete (完成) + tion = completion (完成)
happy (快乐的) + ness = happiness (快乐)
kind (善良的) + ness = kindness (善良)
dark (黑暗的) + ness = darkness (黑暗)
weak (虚弱的) + ness = weakness (虚弱)
real (真实的) + ity = reality (现实)
formal (正式的) + ity = formality (正式)
person (人) + ality = personality (个性)
equal (平等的) + ity = equality (平等)
develop (发展) + ment = development (发展)
govern (治理) + ment = government (政府)
agree (同意) + ment = agreement (协议)
pay (支付) + ment = payment (付款)
depend (依赖) + ence = dependence (依赖)
differ (不同) + ence = difference (不同)
important (重要的) + ance = importance (重要性)
resist (抵抗) + ance = resistance (抵抗)
capital (资本) + ism = capitalism (资本主义)
tour (旅游) + ism = tourism (旅游业)
hero (英雄) + ism = heroism (英雄主义)
real (现实的) + ism = realism (现实主义)
后缀功能比较表
后缀 | 主要功能 | 通常加在 | 例子 |
---|---|---|---|
-ion/-tion/-ation | 动作/过程 | 动词 | action, information |
-ness | 状态/性质 | 形容词 | happiness, kindness |
-ity/-ality | 性质/特征 | 形容词 | reality, personality |
-ment | 行为/结果 | 动词 | development, agreement |
-ence/-ance | 状态/行为 | 动词/形容词 | dependence, importance |
-ism | 主义/特征 | 名词/形容词 | capitalism, heroism |
拼写变化规律
- -ion: 通常加在动词词干后(act → action)
- -ness: 直接加在形容词后(happy → happiness)
- -ity: 常需要去掉形容词尾(e.g. possible → possibility)
- -ment: 通常直接加在动词后(develop → development)
- -ence/-ance: 根据词源决定(depend → dependence)
- -ism: 直接加在词干后(capital → capitalism)