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词根词缀学习:12大前缀+3大词性后缀
2025-04-23 21:02:52

一、前缀(12)-义

1、外/出:e/ex/ef

export(出口):ex-(出) + port(携带) → 携带出去。
exit (出口):ex-(出) + it(走) → 走出。
expel(驱逐):ex-(出) + pel(推动) → 推出、驱逐。
exhale(呼气):ex-(出) + hale(呼吸) → 呼出气体。

emit(发射):e-(出) + mit(发送) → 发送出去。
eject (弹出):e-(出) + ject(投掷) → 向外投掷。
emigrate 移民:e-(出) + migrate(迁移) → 迁移到国外。

effort (努力):ef-(出) + fort(力量) → 使出力量(原义为“向外发力”)。
efflux(流出):ef-(出) + flux(流动) → 向外流动。
effluent (流出的):ef-(出) + flu(流动) + -ent → 向外流动的(液体)。

2、内/进:in/im

  • include (包含)
    = in-(内) + cludere(关闭)→ 关进内部
  • invade (入侵)
    = in-(进) + vadere(走)→ 走进某地
  • inhale (吸气)
    = in-(进) + halare(呼吸)→ 吸入空气
  • inject (注射)
    = in-(进) + jacere(投掷)→ 投入体内
  • inspire (吸入;激励)
    = in-(进) + spirare(呼吸)→ 将气息引入

  • import (进口)
    = im-(进) + portare(携带)→ 带入内部

  • immigrate (移民入境)
    = im-(进) + migrare(迁移)→ 迁移进入
  • immerse (浸入)
    = im-(进) + mergere(沉)→ 沉入液体
  • imprison (监禁)
    = im-(进) + prison(监狱)→ 关进监狱
  • imbibe (吸收)
    = im-(进) + bibere(喝)→ 喝进体内

3、前

动态-向前:pro

  • progress(进步)
    = pro-(向前) + gress(走)→ 向前走

  • promote(促进;晋升)
    = pro-(向前) + mot(移动)→ 推动向前

静态-在前/预先/提前:pre

  • prefix(前缀)
    = pre-(前) + fix(固定)→ 固定在单词前的字母
  • preface(前言)
    = pre-(前) + face(面)→ 书籍正文前的部分
  • preview(预览)
    = pre-(前) + view(看)→ 提前观看

4、回/重新/再次:re

  • rewrite(重写)
    = re-(再) + write(写)
  • reread(重读)
    = re-(再) + read(读)
  • rebuild(重建)
    = re-(再) + build(建造)
  • replay(重播)
    = re-(再) + play(播放)
  • renew(更新)
    = re-(再) + new(新)

5、聚集(一起/共同):co/con/com/col

  • cooperate(合作)
    = co-(共同) + operate(操作)→ 共同运作
  • combine(结合)
    = com-(共同) + bine(捆绑)→ 绑在一起
  • connect(连接)
    = con-(共同) + nect(绑)→ 相互绑定
  • collaborate(协作)
    = col-(共同) + labor(劳动)→ 共同劳动

6、分散(分开):di/dis/dif

  • divide(分开)
    = di-(分开) + vide(分开)
  • distribute(分配)
    = dis-(分开) + tribute(给予)
  • dissolve(溶解)
    = dis-(分开) + solve(松开)
  • diffuse(扩散)
    = dif-(分开) + fuse(流动)
  • dismiss(解散)
    = dis-(分开) + miss(发送)

7、上/超过:super/over/sur

  • supermarket(超市)
    = super(超过) + market(市场)
  • superhuman(超人的)
    = super(超过) + human(人类)
  • supersonic(超音速的)
    = super(超过) + sonic(声音的)
  • supervise(监督)
    = super(在…上) + vise(看)
  • superimpose(叠加)
    = super(在…上) + impose(放置)

  • overeat(暴食)
    = over(过度) + eat(吃)

  • overwork(过度工作)
    = over(过度) + work(工作)
  • overcoat(大衣)
    = over(覆盖) + coat(外套)
  • overlap(重叠)
    = over(覆盖) + lap(重叠)
  • overcome(克服)
    = over(超过) + come(来)
  • overtake(超越)
    = over(超过) + take(拿)

  • surface(表面)
    = sur(在…上) + face(面)

  • surname(姓氏)
    = sur(在…上) + name(名字)

  • surface(表面)
    = sur(在…上) + face(面)

  • surname(姓氏)
    = sur(在…上) + name(名字)
前缀 核心含义 示例词汇 特殊说明
super- 超级/在…之上 superhuman 多用于科技和现代词汇
over- 过度/覆盖 overestimate 常含负面意义
sur- 在…上/超过 surveillance 多来自法语词源

8、下/不足:under/de/sub/sup

  • underground(地下的)
    = under(在…下) + ground(地面)
  • underline(下划线)
    = under(在…下) + line(线)
  • underestimate(低估)
    = under(不足) + estimate(估计)
  • underdeveloped(欠发达的)
    = under(不足) + developed(发达的)
  • defrost(解冻)

    = de(去除) + frost(霜)

  • deforest(砍伐森林)
    = de(去除) + forest(森林)
  • descend(下降)
    = de(向下) + scend(爬)

  • subway(地铁)
    = sub(在…下) + way(路)

  • submarine(潜水艇)
    = sub(在…下) + marine(海洋的)
  • substandard(不合格的)
    = sub(不足) + standard(标准)
  • subtitle(副标题)
    = sub(副) + title(标题)
  • subordinate(下属)
    = sub(下) + ordinate(排列)

  • support(支持)
    = sup(在…下) + port(携带)→ 在下方支撑

  • suppress(压制)
    = sup(在…下) + press(压)→ 往下压

9、转移/转变:trans

  1. trans + port (carry) = transport

    • 含义:to carry across (运输)
    • 例:The goods will be transported by truck.
  2. trans + mit (send) = transmit

    • 含义:to send across (传输)
    • 例:The radio station transmits signals.
  3. trans + form (shape) = transform

    • 含义:to change shape (转变)
    • 例:The caterpillar transformed into a butterfly.
  4. trans + fer (bear) = transfer

    • 含义:to bear across (转移)
    • 例:She transferred to another department.
  5. trans + late (carry) = translate

    • 含义:to carry across languages (翻译)
    • 例:He translated the document from French.

10、相互之间:inter

  1. inter + act (do) = interact

    • 含义:to act between (互动)
    • 例:Children learn to interact with others.
  2. inter + national (nation) = international

    • 含义:between nations (国际的)
    • 例:She works for an international company.
  3. inter + sect (cut) = intersect

    • 含义:to cut between (交叉)
    • 例:The two roads intersect downtown.
  4. inter + vene (come) = intervene

    • 含义:to come between (干预)
    • 例:The teacher had to intervene in the fight.
  5. inter + change (exchange) = interchange

    • 含义:exchange between (交换)
    • 例:There was an interchange of ideas.

11、a+双写辅音字母

通常表示强调,没有什么意义

  1. a + ccustom (custom) = accustom

    • 含义:to make familiar with (使习惯)
    • 例:She accustomed herself to the new environment.
  2. a + cknowledge (knowledge) = acknowledge

    • 含义:to recognize knowledge (承认)
    • 例:He acknowledged his mistake.
  3. a + ppear (pear) = appear

    • 含义:to come into view (出现)
    • 例:The sun appeared from behind the clouds.
  4. a + rrive (rive) = arrive

    • 含义:to reach a place (到达)
    • 例:We arrived at the airport on time.
  5. a + ssure (sure) = assure

    • 含义:to make sure (保证)
    • 例:I assure you everything will be fine.
  6. a + ttach (tach) = attach

    • 含义:to fasten to (附加)
    • 例:Please attach the file to the email.

12、否定前缀:un/in/im/dis/ab/il

  1. un- 前缀
    un + happy = unhappy (不快乐)
    un + do = undo (取消)
    un + lock = unlock (解锁)
    un + certain = uncertain (不确定)
    un + comfortable = uncomfortable (不舒服)

  2. in-/im- 前缀
    in + correct = incorrect (不正确)
    in + direct = indirect (间接的)
    im + possible = impossible (不可能的)
    im + patient = impatient (不耐烦的)
    im + balance = imbalance (不平衡)

  3. dis- 前缀
    dis + agree = disagree (不同意)
    dis + appear = disappear (消失)
    dis + honest = dishonest (不诚实的)
    dis + connect = disconnect (断开连接)
    dis + advantage = disadvantage (不利条件)

  4. ab- 前缀
    ab + normal = abnormal (异常的)
    ab + use = abuse (滥用)
    ab + sent = absent (缺席的)
    ab + duct = abduct (绑架)
    ab + stain = abstain (戒除)

  5. il- 前缀
    il + legal = illegal (非法的)
    il + literate = illiterate (文盲的)
    il + logical = illogical (不合逻辑的)
    il + legitimate = illegitimate (非法的)
    il + luminous = illuminous (不发光的)

后缀(3)-词性

1、动词后缀:act/ize/if/ish

react (re- + act) = 反应
transact (trans- + act) = 交易

organize (organ + ize) = 组织
realize (real + ize) = 意识到

clarify (clear + ify) = 澄清
modify (mode + ify) = 修改

publish (public + ish) = 出版
finish (fine + ish) = 完成

2、形容词后缀:ent/ful/ous/al/ive/ible/able/ant

depend (依赖) + ent = dependent (依赖的)
differ (不同) + ent = different (不同的)
excel (超越) + ent = excellent (优秀的)
persist (坚持) + ent = persistent (坚持的)

beauty (美丽) + ful = beautiful (美丽的)
care (小心) + ful = careful (小心的)
peace (和平) + ful = peaceful (和平的)
power (力量) + ful = powerful (强大的)

danger (危险) + ous = dangerous (危险的)
fame (名声) + ous = famous (著名的)
courage (勇气) + ous = courageous (勇敢的)
poison (毒药) + ous = poisonous (有毒的)

nature (自然) + al = natural (自然的)
music (音乐) + al = musical (音乐的)
nation (国家) + al = national (国家的)
education (教育) + al = educational (教育的)

act (行动) + ive = active (活跃的)
create (创造) + ive = creative (有创造力的)
attract (吸引) + ive = attractive (有吸引力的)
impress (印象) + ive = impressive (令人印象深刻的)

respons (回应) + ible = responsible (负责任的)
vis (看) + ible = visible (可见的)
flex (弯曲) + ible = flexible (灵活的)
terr (害怕) + ible = terrible (可怕的)

comfort (舒适) + able = comfortable (舒适的)
reason (理性) + able = reasonable (合理的)
adapt (适应) + able = adaptable (能适应的)
value (价值) + able = valuable (有价值的)

import (重要) + ant = important (重要的)
resist (抵抗) + ant = resistant (抵抗的)
sign (标记) + ant = significant (重要的)
vac (空) + ant = vacant (空的)

后缀比较表

后缀 含义重点 主要加在 例子
-ent 性质状态 动词 dependent
-ful 充满 名词 beautiful
-ous 特性 名词 dangerous
-al 关系 名词 natural
-ive 倾向 动词 active
-ible 能力 动词 responsible
-able 可能性 动词 comfortable
-ant 状态 动词 important

3、名词后缀:ion/tion/action/ness/ity/ality/ment/ence/ance/ism

act (行动) + ion = action (行动)
inform (通知) + ation = information (信息)
decide (决定) + sion = decision (决定)
complete (完成) + tion = completion (完成)

happy (快乐的) + ness = happiness (快乐)
kind (善良的) + ness = kindness (善良)
dark (黑暗的) + ness = darkness (黑暗)
weak (虚弱的) + ness = weakness (虚弱)

real (真实的) + ity = reality (现实)
formal (正式的) + ity = formality (正式)
person (人) + ality = personality (个性)
equal (平等的) + ity = equality (平等)

develop (发展) + ment = development (发展)
govern (治理) + ment = government (政府)
agree (同意) + ment = agreement (协议)
pay (支付) + ment = payment (付款)

depend (依赖) + ence = dependence (依赖)
differ (不同) + ence = difference (不同)

important (重要的) + ance = importance (重要性)
resist (抵抗) + ance = resistance (抵抗)

capital (资本) + ism = capitalism (资本主义)
tour (旅游) + ism = tourism (旅游业)
hero (英雄) + ism = heroism (英雄主义)
real (现实的) + ism = realism (现实主义)

后缀功能比较表

后缀 主要功能 通常加在 例子
-ion/-tion/-ation 动作/过程 动词 action, information
-ness 状态/性质 形容词 happiness, kindness
-ity/-ality 性质/特征 形容词 reality, personality
-ment 行为/结果 动词 development, agreement
-ence/-ance 状态/行为 动词/形容词 dependence, importance
-ism 主义/特征 名词/形容词 capitalism, heroism

拼写变化规律

  1. -ion: 通常加在动词词干后(act → action)
  2. -ness: 直接加在形容词后(happy → happiness)
  3. -ity: 常需要去掉形容词尾(e.g. possible → possibility)
  4. -ment: 通常直接加在动词后(develop → development)
  5. -ence/-ance: 根据词源决定(depend → dependence)
  6. -ism: 直接加在词干后(capital → capitalism)
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